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Manche Ch'ol
The Manche Ch'ol were a former Ch’ol-speaking Maya people inhabiting the extreme south of what is now the Petén Department of modern Guatemala, the area around the Lake Izabal (also known as the ''Golfo Dulce''), and southern Belize. The Manche Ch'ol took the name ''Manche'' from the name of their main settlement. They were the last group of eastern Cholan-speakers to remain independent and ethnically distinct. It is likely that they were descended from the inhabitants of Classic period (c. 250-900 AD) Maya cities in the southeastern Maya region, such as Nim Li Punit, Copán and Quiriguá.
The first Spanish contact with the Manche Ch'ol was in 1525, when an expedition led by Hernán Cortés crossed their territory. From the early 17th century onwards, Dominican friars attempted their concentration into mission towns and their conversion to Christianity. These attempts alarmed their warlike Itza neighbours to the northwest, who attacked the mission towns and fomented rebellion among the Manche. The Manche Ch'ol in the mission towns were badly affected by disease, which also encouraged them to flee the towns.
In the late 17th century, Franciscan missionaries argued that further attempts at peaceful pacification of the Ch'ol were useless and argued for armed intervention against the Manche Ch'ol and their Lakandon Ch'ol neighbours. The Manche were forcibly relocated in the Guatemalan Highlands, where they did not prosper. By 1770, most of the Manche Ch'ol were extinct. The few survivors were soon absorbed into the surrounding Q'eqch'i Maya population.
==Language==
Spanish colonial documents refer to the inhabitants of a broad swathe of territory as Chols or Cholans; this territory extended from the Laguna de Términos through the Lacandon Jungle across the foothills of the Sierra de los Cuchumatanes eastwards to southern Belize. A number of distinct Chol- or Cholan-speaking groups inhabited this area; the Manche Ch'ol were just one of these groups and spoke the now extinct Ch'olti' language. Ch'olti' was descended from the Classic Maya language used in hieroglyphic texts. Ch'olti' was very closely related to the Ch'ol, Cholan and Ch'orti' languages. The Ch'olti' language is evidenced from a single document written in the late 17th century in the Manche Ch'ol territory; it has been held in the library of the American Philosophical Society since the 19th century. The document is the ''Arte y vocabulario de la lengua Cholti, 1695'' by Spanish friar Francisco Morán, with the catalogue number Mss.497.4.M79. It was compiled in the Manche village San Lucas Tzalac. The term ''manche'', is derived from the elements ''men'', meaning "artisan", and ''che'', meaning either "tribe" or "tree"; it was the name of a large Manche Ch'ol settlement.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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